Menggunakan kayu Balsa

Bagaimana Cara Anda dapat menggunakan kayu balsa untuk proyek Anda sendiri.

Kayu Balsa merupakan kayu yang sangat ringan dan sangat baik untuk ukiran. Kayunya yang lembut dan tersedia dalam berbagai ukuran. Bagi para pemahat kayu pemula, balsa sangat ideal karena sifatnya yang fleksibel dan mudah penggunaannya. Selama puluhan tahun pengrajin telah menggunakan kayu balsa sebagai bahan untuk mengukir bahkan untuk pelampung, rakit, papan selancar, alat musik, peti (kotak) packing / transportasi, persediaan inti dalam laminasi sandwich dan umpan memancing .serta digunakan untuk pesawat terbang model (aeromodelling),

Density (Densitas) atau Massa Jenis

Density (Massa Jenis)

Densitas didefinisikan sebagai massa benda per satuan volume. Massa adalah properti.

Perbedaan Massa dan Berat -  - Apakah berat itu dan apa massa itu? Penjelasan tentang perbedaan antara berat dan massa.

Kepadatan dapat dinyatakan sebagai

ρ = m / V = 1 / v_g         (1)
where
ρ = density (kg/m³, slugs/ft³)
m = mass (kg, slugs)
V = volume (m³, ft³)
v_g = specific volume (m³/kg, ft³/slug)

Satuan SI  untuk density (kepadatan) adalah kg/m3.Satuan Imperial (AS) adalah Ib/ft3 (slugs/ft3). Sementara orang-orang sering menggunakan pound per kaki kubik (Ib/ft3) sebagai ukuran kepadatan di AS, pound sesungguhnya ukuran Gaya (kekuatan), bukan massa. Semenara Slug adalah ukuran yang benar dari massa. Anda dapat memengalikan slug 32,2 kedalam pound.

Semakin tinggi densitas (kepadatan), semakin ketat partikel yang dikemas dalam substansi (zat). Kepadatan adalah konstanta fisik Zat pada suhu tertentu dan kepadatan dapat membantu untuk mengidentifikasi suatu zat.

Relatif Density (Specific Gravity)

Kepadatan relatif suatu zat adalah rasio substansi kepadatan air pada suhu 4^oC, yaitu

Substance	Relative density
Acetylene	0.0017
Air, dry	0.0013
Alcohol	0.82
Aluminum	2.72
Brass	8.48
Cadmium	8.57
Chromium	7.03
Copper	8.79
Carbon dioxide	0.00198
Carbon monoxide	0.00126
Cast iron	7.20
Hydrogen	0.00009
Lead	11.35
Mercury	13.59
Nickel	8.73
Nitrogen	0.00125
Nylon	1.12
Oxygen	0.00143
Paraffin	0.80
Petrol	0.72
PVC	1.36
Rubber	0.96
Steel	7.82
Tin	7.28
Zinc	7.12
Water (4oC)	1.00
Water, sea	1.02

Contoh - Gunakan Density untuk Mengidentifikasi Materi:

Suatu zat cair yang tidak diketahui memiliki massa 18,5 g dan menempati volume 23,4 ml. (mililiter).

Kepadatan (kerapatan) dapat dihitung sebagai

ρ = [(18.5 g) / (1000 g/kg)] / [(23.4 ml) / (1000 ml/l) (1000 l/m³)]
    = (18.5 10^-3 kg) / (23.4 10^-6 m³)
    = 790 (kg/m³)

Jika kita mencari kepadatan dari beberapa cairan yang umum, kita dapat menemukan bahwa etil alkohol, atau etanol, memiliki kerapatan 789 kg/m³. Cairan tersebut mungkin etil alkohol!

Contoh - Gunakan Density Menghitung Massa dari suatu Volume

Kepadatan (kerapatan) titanium adalah 4507 kg/m3. Hitung massa 0,17 m3 titanium!

m = (0.17 m³) (4507 kg/m³)
    = 766.2 (kg)

Specific Weight (Berat Spesifik)

Berat spesifik didefinisikan sebagai berat per satuan volume. Berat adalah sebuah gaya.

• Massa dan Berat - perbedaan! - Apakah berat dan massa itu? Penjelasan tentang perbedaan antara berat badan dan massa.

Specific Weight (Berat spesifik) dapat dinyatakan sebagai

γ = ρ g         (2)
where
γ = specific weight (N/m³, lb/ft³)
ρ = density (kg/m³, slugs/ft³)
g = acceleration of gravity (9.81 m/s², 32.174 ft/s²)

Satuan SI- berat spesifik dinotasikan N/m3. Satuan imperial adalah Ib/ft3. Percepatan g (gaya gravitasi) lokal dalam kondisi normal 9,807 m/s2 dalam satuan SI dan 32,174 ft/s2 dalam satuan imperial.

Example - Specific Weight Water

Specific weight for water at 39 ^oF (4 ^oC) is 62.4 lb/ft³ (9.81 kN/m³) in imperial units.
With a density of water 1000 kg/m³ - specific weight in SI units can be calculated as
Berat jenis air pada 39 ^oF (4 ^oC) adalah 62,4 Ib/ft3 (9,81 kN/m3) dalam satuan imperial.
Dengan densitas air 1000 kg/m3 - berat jenis dalam satuan SI dapat dihitung sebagai

γ = (1000 kg/m³) (9.81 m/s²)
    = 9810 (N/m³)
    = 9.81 (kN/m³)

With a density of water 1.940 slugs/ft³ - specific weight in SI units can be calculated as

γ = (1.940 slugs/ft³) (32.174 ft/s²)
    = 62.4 (lb/ft³)

Example - Specific Weight Some other Materials

==============

Product	Specific Weight - γ
	Imperial Units (lb/ft3)	SI Units (kN/m3)
Aluminium	172	27
Brass	540	84.5
Copper	570	89
Ethyl Alcohol	49.3	7.74
Gasoline	42.5	6.67
Glycerin	78.6	12.4
Mercury	847	133.7
SAE 20 Oil	57	8.95
Seawater	64	10.1
Stainless Steel	499 - 512	78 - 80
Water	62.4	9.81
Wrought Iron	474 - 499	74 - 78

Material Properties

Specific Gravity (Relative Density)

Specific Gravity Liquids

The Specific Gravity - SG - of a liquid is a dimensionless unit defined as the ratio of density of the liquid to the density of water at a specified temperature. Specific Gravity of a liquid can be expressed

SG = ρ / ρ_H2O         (3)

where

SG = specific gravity

ρ = density of fluid or substance (kg/m³)

ρ_H2O = density of water (kg/m³)

It is common to use the density of water at 4 ^oC (39^oF) as reference - at this point the density of water is at the highest - 1000 kg/m³ or 62.4 lb/ft³.

• Thermal Properties of Water Density, Freezing temperature, Boiling temperature, Latent heat of melting, Latent heat of evaporation, Critical temperature ...

Since Specific Weight is dimensionless it has the same value in the metric SI system as in the imperial English system (BG). At the reference point the Specific Gravity has same numerically value as density.

Example - Specific Gravity

If the density of iron is 7850 kg/m³, 7.85 grams per cubic centimeter (cm³), 7.85 kilograms per liter, or 7.85 metric tons per cubic meter - the specific gravity of iron is:

SG = (7850 kg/m³) / (1000 kg/m³)
    = 7.85

• water density is 1000 kg/m³

Specific Gravity Gases

The Specific Gravity - SG - of a gas is a dimensionless unit defined as the ratio of density of the gas to the density of air at a specified temperature and pressure. In general conditions according NTP - Normal Temperature and Pressure - defined as air at 20^oC (293.15 K, 68^oF) and 1 atm ( 101.325 kN/m2, 101.325 kPa, 14.7 psia, 0 psig, 30 in Hg, 760 torr), where density of air is 1.205 kg/m³, is used.
Note that the density of both gases should be evaluated at the same pressure and temperature - and when this happens the SG can be calculated utilizing only the molecular weights.

Specific Gravity of a gas can be expressed

SG = ρ / ρ_air         (3)
where
SG = specific gravity
ρ = density of gas or substance (kg/m³)
ρ_air = density of air (kg/m³)

 

Mengenal Sistem Satuan

Sistim Satuan

Acceleration

foot/second², meter/second², gal, galileo, inch/second²

• 1 m/s² = 3.28084 ft/s² = 100 cm/s² = 39.37 inch per second squared (inch/s²)
• 1 ft/s² = 0.3048 m/s² = 30.48 cm/s²
• 1 g = 9.80665 m/s² = 32.17405 ft/s²

Angle

• 1 circle = 360 degrees = 400 grades = 21600 minutes = 6.28318 radians = 12 signs
• 1 circumference = 360 degrees = 6.28318 radians
• 1 radian = 0.15915 circumference = 57.29578 degree = 3437.747 minute = 0.63662 quadrant = 0.15915 revolution = 206265 second

Area

acre, are, barn, sq.ft., sq.in., foot², hectare, inch², mile², section, meter², township, yard², hectares

• 1 m² = 1550 in² = 10.764 ft² = 1.1968 yd² = 3.861x10^-7 mile²
• 1 ft² = 0.0929 m² = 144 in² = 0,1111 yd² = 3.587x10^-8 mile²
• 1 in² = 6.452 cm² = 6.452x10^-4 m² = 6.944x10^-3 ft² = 7.716x10^-4 yd² = 2.491x10^-10 mile²
• 1 yd² = 0.8361 m² = 1,296 in² = 9 ft² = 0.3228x10^-6 mile²
• 1 mile² = 2.590x10⁶ m² = 0.4015x10¹⁰ in² = 2.788x10⁷ ft² = 3.098x10⁶ yd²=640 Acres
• 1 acre = 1/640 square mile = 0.404686 ha (Hectares) = 4,046.86 m² = 43,560.174 Sq.Ft. (Int) = 43,560 Sq.Ft. (US Survey) = 4840 Sq.Yds. = 40.46873 are
• 1 km² = 10² ha² = 10⁶ m² = 10¹⁰ cm² = 10¹² mm²
• 1 ha (Hectare) = 10⁴ m² = 10⁸ cm² = 10¹⁰ mm² = 2.471 Acres
• 1 cm² = 10^-4 m² = 0.155 in²
• 1 mm² = 1.55x10^-3in²
• 1 township = 36 square mile = 23040 acre = 36 section = 9.323957 10⁷ m² = 9324 hectare = 93.24 square kilometer
• 1 section = 1 square mile = 2.59 10⁶ m² = 2.59 square kilometer = 259 hectare = 3.0976 10⁶ square yards = 640 acre = 
• 1 are = 0.024711 acre (Int) = 1 sq dekameter = 1076.39 sq foot = 100 sq meter = 3.86102x10^-5 sq mile = 119.599 sq yard
• 1 barn = 1x10^-24 sq cm
• 1 centiare = 0.01 are = 10.764 sq foot = 1550 sq inch = 1 sq meter = 1.19599 sq yard
• 1 circular mil = 1x10^-6 circular inch = 5.06707x10^-6 sq cm = 7.85398x10^-7 sq inch = 0.000507 sq mm = 0.7854 sq mill
• 1 hectare = 2.471 acre 0 100 are = 1x10⁸ sq cm = 107639.1 sq foot = 10000 sq meter = 0.00386 sq mile = 395.367 sq rod
• 1 rood = 1/4 acre = 1011.5 m² = 40 sq rods = 40 sq perches
• 1 sq rod = 1 sq perch = 30¼ sq yards = 25.2928 m² = 1/160 acre
• 1 arpent = about 0.85 acre = 3439.1 m²
• 1 Marla = 30.25 Sq. Yards = 25.2928 Sq. Metres = 272.25 Sq. Feet = 0.00625 Acre = 0.05 Kanal

Japan

• 1 tsubo = 3.306 m²
• 1 se = 99.17 m²
• 1 ho-ri = 15.42 km²

Russia

• 1 kwadr. archin = 0.5058 m²
• 1 kwadr. saschen = 4.5522 m²
• 1 dessjatine = 10925 m²
• 1 kwadr. werst = 1.138 km²

Capacitance

• 1 abfarad = 1x10⁹ farad = 1x10¹⁵ microfarad = 8.98755x10²⁰ statfarad
• 1 farad = 1x10^-9 abfarad = 1.00049 farads (Ínt) = 1x10⁶ microfarad = 8.98755x10¹¹ statfarad 

Conductance

• 1 abmho = 1000 megamho = 1x10⁹ mho = 8.98755x10²⁰ statmho

Current

• 1 abampere = 10 ampere = 1.03638x10^-4 faraday/sec(chem) = 2.99792x10¹⁰ statampere = 1 biot
• 1 ampere = 0.1 abampere = 1.00015 ampere (Int) = 1 coulomb/sec = 1.03638x10^-5 faraday/sec (chem) 1x10⁶ microampere = 1000 milliampere = 2.99792x10⁹ statampere
• 1 ampere (Int) = 0.99985 ampere
• 1 biot = 10 ampere

Density

kg/cubic meter, gram/centimeter³, l_mb/cubic inch, lb_m/cubic foot, slug/cubic foot, kilogram/cubic meter, lbm/gallon (US liq)

• Density Water 1,000 kg/m³ = 62.43 Lbs./Cu.Ft = 8.33 Lbs./Gal. = 0.1337 Cu.Ft./Gal.
• 1 lb/ft³ = 16.018 kg/m³ = 0.016 g/cm³ = 0.00926 oz/in³ = 2.57 oz/gal (Imperial) = 2.139 oz/gal (U.S.) = 0.0005787 lb/in³ = 27 lb/yd³ = 0.161 lb/gal (Imperial) = 0.134 lb/gal (U.S) = 0.0121 ton/yd³
• 1 slug/ft³ = 515.379 kg/m³
• 1 kg/l = 62.43 lb/ft³
• 1 kg/m³ = 0.001 g/cm³ = 0.0005780 oz/in³ = 0.16036 oz/gal (Imperial) = 0.1335 oz/gal (U.S.) = 0.0624 lb/ft³ = 0.000036127 lb/in³ = 1.6856 lb/yd³ = 0.010022 lb/gal (Imperial) = 0.008345 lb/gal (U.S) = 0.0007525 ton/yd³

Electric Charge

• 1 abcoulomb = 0.00278 ampere-hour = 10 coulomb = 6.24151x10¹⁹ electronic charge = 1.03632x10^-4 faraday (chem) = 2.99792x10¹⁰ statcoulomb
• 1 ampere hour = 360 abcoulomb = 3600 coulomb = 0.03731 faraday (chem)
• 1 coulomb = 0.1 abcoulomb = 0.000278 ampere hour = 1 ampere second = 1.00015002 coulomb (Int) = 1.0363x10^-5 faraday (chem) = 1.0360x10^-5 faraday (phys) = 2.9979x10⁹ statcoulomb

Electromotive Force, Voltage Difference

• abvolt = 0.01 microvolt = 1x10^-5 millivolt = 1x10^-8 volt

Energy, Unit of Heat

British Thermal Unit (Btu), calorie, joule, kilojoule, electron volt, erg, foot lb_f, foot poundal, kilocalorie, kilowatt hour, watt hour,

• 1 J (Joule) = 0,1020 kpm = 2.778x10^-7 kWh = 2.389x10^-4 kcal = 0.7376 ft lb_f = 1 (kg m²)/s² = 1 watt second = 1 Nm = 9.478x10^-4 Btu
• 1 kpm = 9.80665 J = 2.724x10^-6 kWh = 2.342x10^-3 kcal = 7.233 ft lb_f = 9.295x10^-3 Btu
• 1 kWh = 3.6x10⁶ J = 3.671x10⁵ kpm = 859.9 kcal = 2.656x10⁶ ft lb_f = 3.412x10³ Btu
• 1 kJ = 1 kNm = 1kWs = 10³ J = 0.947813 Btu = 737.6 ft lb_f = 0.23884 kcal
• 1 Btu (British thermal unit) = 1,055.06 J = 107.6 kpm = 2.92875x10^-4 kWh = 251.996 calorie (IT - International Table calorie) = 0.252 kcal = 777.649 ft lb_f = 1.0544x10¹⁰ erg = 0.293 watt hour = 0.999331 Btu (Int Steam Tab) = 0.998560 Btu (mean) = 25020.1 foot-poundal = 107.514 kg force meter = 1.0751x10⁷ gram-force cm = 0.000393 hp-hour = 10.456 liter atm = 1054.35 wattsecond
• 1 cal = 4.186 J
• 1 kcal = 4186,8 J = 426,9 kp m = 1.163x10^-3 kWh = 3.088 ft lb_f = 3.9683 Btu = 1,000 cal
• 1 ft lb_f (foot pound force) = 1.3558 J = 0.1383 kp m = 3.766x10^-7 kWh = 3.238x10^-4 kcal = 1.285x10^-3 Btu
• 1 hp h (horse power hour) = 2.6846x10⁶ J = 0.7457 kWh
• 1 erg = 1 (g cm²)/s² = 10^-7 J = 1 dyne-centimeter
• 1 electron volt = 1 eV = 1.602x10^-19 J
• 1 Q = 10¹⁸ Btu = 1.055x10²¹ J
• 1 Quad = 10¹⁵ Btu
• 1 Therm = 100,000 Btu
• 1 kg m = 7.233 ft lb = 0.00929 Btu = 9.806 Joule

Energy per unit mass

• 1 kJ/kg = 1 J/g = 0.4299 Btu/ lb_m = 0.23884 kcal/kg
• 1 Btu/lb_m = 2.326 kJ/kg = 0.55 kcal/kg
• 1 kcal/kg = 4.1868 kJ/kg = 1.8 Btu/lb_m

Energy per unit volume

• 1 Btu/US gal = 278.7 Btu/liter

Flow - see Volume flow

Force

dyne, kilogram force (kgf), kilopound force, kip, lbf (pound force), ounce force (avoirdupois), poundal, newton

• 1 N (Newton) = 0.1020 kp = 7.233 pdl = 7.233/32.174 lb_f = 0.2248 lb_f = 1 (kg m)/s² = 10⁵ dyne = 1/9.80665 kg_f
• 1 lb_f (Pound force) = 4.44822 N = 0.4536 kp = 32.17 pdl = 4.448x10⁵ dyn
• 1 dyne = 1 (g cm)/s²
• 1 kg has a weight of 1 kp
• 1 kp (Kilopond) = 9.80665 N = 2.205 lb_f = 70.93 pdl
• 1 pdl (Poundal) = 0.13826 N = 0.01409 kp = 0.03108 lb_f

• a kip is a non-SI unit of force - it equals 1,000 pounds-force
• 1 kip = 4448.2216 Newtons (N) = 4.4482216 kilonewtons (kN)

Frequency

• 1 hertz = 1 cycle/sec

Heat flow rate

• 1 Btu/sec = 1,055.1 W
• 1 kW (kJ/s) = 102.0 kpm/s = 859.9 kcal/h = 3,413 Btu/h = 1.360 hk = 1.341 hp = 738 ft lb/s = 1,000 J/s = 3.6x10⁶ J/h
• 1 kpm/s = 9.8067x10^-3 kW = 8.432 kcal/h = 32.47 Btu/h = 0.01333 hk = 0.01316 hp = 7.237 ft lb/s
• 1 kcal/h = 1.163x10^-3 kW = 0.1186 kpm/s = 3.969 Btu/h = 1.582x10^-3 hk = 1.560x10^-3 hp = 0.8583 ft lb/s
• 1 Btu/h = 2.931x10^-4 kW = 0.0299 kpm/s = 0.252 kcal/h = 3.986x10^-4 hk = 3.939x10^-4 hp = 0.2163 ft lb/s
• 1 kcal/h = 1.16x10^-3 kW
• 1 hk (metric horse power) = 0.735499 kW = 75.00 kpm/s = 632.5 kcal/h = 2,510 Btu/h = 0.9863 hp = 542.8 ft lb/s
• 1 hp = 0.74570 kW = 76.04 kpm/s = 641.2 kcal/h = 2,545 Btu/h = 1.014 hk = 550.3 ft lb/s
• 1 ft lb/s = 1.35501 kW = 0.1382 kpm/s = 1.165 kcal/h = 4.625 Btu/h = 1.843x10^-3 hk = 1.817x10^-3 hp
• 1 ton of refrigeration = 200 Btu/min

Heat flux

• 1 Btu/(ft² h) = 3.1525 W/m² = 0.000271 kCal/(cm² h)
• 1 kCal/(cm² h) = 11587 W/m² = 3690 Btu/(ft² h)

Heat generation per unit volume

• 1 Btu/ft³ = 8.9 kcal/m³ = 3.73x10⁴ J/m³
• 1 Btu/ft³ h = 10.343 W/m³
• 1 kcal/m³ = 0.112 Btu/ft³

Heat generation per unit mass

• 1 Btu/lb = 0.556 kcal/kg = 2,326 J/kg
• 1 kcal/kg = 1.800 Btu/lb

Heat transfer coefficient

• 1 Btu/(ft² h ^oF) = 5.678 W/(m² K) = 4.882 kcal/(h m^{2 o}C)
• 1 W/(m² K) = 0.85984 kcal/(h m^{2 o}C) = 0.1761 Btu/(ft² h ^oF)
• 1 kcal/(h m^{2 o}C) = 1.163 W/(m² K) = 0.205 Btu/(ft² h ^oF)

Hydraulic Gradients

• 1 ftH₂O/100 ft = 0.44 psi/100 ft = 9.8 kPa/100 m = 1000 mmH₂O/100 m
• 1 psi/100 ft = 2.3 ftH₂O/100 ft = 2288 mmH₂O/100 ft = 22.46 kPa/100 m

Inductance

• abhenry = 1x10^-9 henry
• nery = 1x10⁹ abhenry = 0.9995 henry (Int) = 1000 millihenry = 1.113x10^-12 stathenry

Information Storage

• 1 bit = 0.125 byte (computers)
• 1 byte = 8 bit

Length

feet, meters, centimeters, kilometers, miles, furlongs, yards, micrometers, inches,angstrom, cubit, fathom, foot, hand, league, light year, micron, mil, nautical mile, rod,

• 1 m (meter) = 3.2808 ft = 39.37 in = 1.0936 yd = 6.214x10^-4 mile
• 1 km = 0.6214 mile = 3281 ft = 1094 yds
• 1 in (inch) = 25.4 mm = 2.54 cm = 0.0254 m = 0.08333 ft = 0.02778 yd = 1.578x10^-5 mile
• 1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m = 12 in = 0.3333 yd = 1.894x10^-4 mile = 30.48 cm = 304.8 mm
• 1 mm = 10^-3 m
• 1 cm = 10^-2 m = 0.3937 in = 0.0328 ft = 1x10⁸ Aangstrom = 0.03281 foot = 0.0984 hand (horses) = 0.3937 inch = 1x10^-5 kilometer = 0.0497 link (Gunter) = 0.0328 (Ramden)  = 10000 micrometer = 10000 micron = 5.3996x10^-6 mile (naut) = 6.2137x10^-6 mile (US statute) = 10 millimeter = 1x10⁷ millimicron = 393.7 mil = 2.371 picas (printers) 28.4528 point (printers) = 0.00199 rod (US Survey) = 0.01094 yard
• 1 mm = 0.03937 in = 1000 micron
• 1 Aangstrom = 10^-10 m = 1x10^-8 cm = 3.937x10^-9 inch = 1x10^-4 micrometer = 0.0001 micron = 0.1 millimicron
• 1 fermis (nuclear size) = 1 fm = 10^-15 m
• 1 mile = 1.6093 km = 1,609.3 m = 63,346 in = 5,280 ft = 1,760 yd
• 1 mil (Norway and Sweden) = 10 kilometres
• 1 nm (nautical mile, sea mile) = 1,852 metres = 1.151 mile = 6076.1 feet = 0.016667 degree of latitude
• 1 yd (yard) = 0.9144 m = 36 in = 3 ft = 5.682x10^-4 mile
• 1 Furlong = 660 feet = 40 rods = 1/8 mile
• 1 rod = 5.5 yards = 1 pole = 1 perch = 16 1/2 ft = 5.029 m
• 1 land league = 3 miles
• 1 Fathom = 6 feet = 1.828804 meters
• 1 Astronomical Unit = Average Distance between the Earth and the Sun = 1.495978x10¹¹ m
• 1 cable (UK) = 0.00167 degree latitude = 185.37 meter
• 1 cable length (US Survey) = 120 fathom (US Survey) = 720 foot (US Survey) = 219.456 meter
• 1 caliber = 0.01 inch = 0.254 mm
• 1 chain (Gunter or US Survey) = 2011.7 centimeter = 66.00013 foot = 66 foot (US Survey) = 0.1 Furlong (US Survey) = 792 inch (US Survey) = 100 link (Gunter) = 66.00013 link (Ramden) = 20.117 meter = 0.0125 mile (US statute) = 4 rod (US Survey) = 22 yard (US Survey)
• 1 engineer's chain = 100 ft = 100 links = 30.48 m
• 1 light year = 63241.08 Astronomical Units (AU) = 9.46053x10¹⁵ m = 5.8786x10¹² mile (US statute) = 0.306601 parsec
• 1 parsec (pc) = the distance at which one AU would subtend a second of arc = 3.085678 x 10¹⁶ m = 3.261633 ly = 206265 AU

Luminous Emittance (Illuminance)

• 1 lumen/sq ft = 1 foot candle = 1x10⁴ lux = 1 phot
• 1 lux = 0.0929 foot candle = 1 lumen /sq meter = 0.0001 phot

Luminous Flux

• 1 candle power = 12.566 lumen
• 1 lumen = 1 candela steradian = 0.07958 candle power (spherical) = 0.0015 watt

Luminous Intensity

• 1 candela = 1.091 hefner candle (Germ) = 1 lumen/steradian

Magnetic Flux Density

• 1 gamma flux = 1x10^-5 gauss =  1 x10^-6 gram = 1 microgram = 1x10^-9 tesla
• 1 gauss = 0.9997 gauss (Int) = 1x10⁵ gamma = 1 gilbert/cm = 1 maxwell/sq cm = 1 line/sq cm = 6.4516 line/sq inch = 1x10^-4 tesla  = 1x10^-8 weber/sq cm = 6.452x10^-8 weber/sq inch = 1x10^-4 weber/sq meter

Magnitude of a Physical Quantity (Power or intensity relative to a specified or implied reference level)

• 1 bel = 10 decibel
• 1 decibel = 0.1 bel

Mass, Weight

pounds, kilograms, grams, ounces, grains, tons (long), tons (short), tons (metric), carat, grain, ounce mass, pound mass (lb_m), slug, tonne

• 1 kg = 1,000 gram = 2.2046 lb = 6.8521x10^-2 slug
• 1 lb_m = 16 oz = 0.4536 kg = 453.6 g = 7000 grains = 0.03108 slug
• 1 slug = 14.594 kg = 32.174 lb_m
• 1 grain = 0.000143 lb = 0.0648 g
• 1 g = 15.43 grains = 0.0353 oz = 0.002205 lb
• 1 qt = 0.9464 liters
• 1 metric ton (or tonne) = 1 tonne métrique = 1000 kg = 10⁶ g = 10⁹ mg = 1.10231131 short tons 
• 1 short ton = 2000 lbs = 907.18474  kg
• 1 long ton = 2240 pounds = 1,016.0469088 kg
• 1 oz (ounce) = 28.35 g = 437.5 grains = 0.0625 lb = 0.0000279 long ton (UK) = 0.00003125 long ton (US) = 0.000558 long hundredweight (UK) = 0.000625 long hundredweight (US) = 0.004464 stone = 16 dram
• 1 troy pound = 12 troy ounces
• 1 troy ounce = 1/12 troy pound = 31.1034768 grams = 480 grains
• 1 scruple = 20 grains
• 1 dram = 3 scruples
• 1 apothecary ounce = 8 drams
• 1 apothecary pound = 12 apothecary ounces
• 1 pennyweight = 24 grains
• 1 Gal. H₂O = 8.33 Lbs. H₂O
• 1 cental (US) = 45.359 kilogram = 100 pound
• 1 carat (metric) = 3.0865 grain = 0.2 gram = 200 milligram
• 1 hectogram = 100 gram = 0.26769 pound (apoth or troy) = 0.2205 pound (avdp)
• 1 u (atomic mass) = 1/12 atomic mass units of with the carbon-12 atom (definition of atomic mass) = 1.66054 x 10^-27 kg = 931.494 MeV
• Density, Specific Weight and Specific Gravity - An introduction and definition of density, specific weight and specific gravity. Formulas with examples.

Mass flow rate

• 1 lb/h = 1.26x10^-4 kg/s
• 1 lb/s = 0.4536 kg/s
• 1 lb/min = 7.56x10^-3 kg/s = 27.216 kg/h
• 1 kg/s = 3,600 kg/h = 132.28 lb/min
• 1 kg/h = 2.778x10^-4 kg/s = 3.67x10^-2 lb/min

Moment of Inertia

• 1 kg m² = 10000 kg cm² = 54675 ounce in² = 3417.2 lb in² = 23.73 lb ft²

Nautical Measure

• 1 league = 3 nautical miles
• 1 nautical mile = 6067.10 feet = 1.1508 statute miles 
• 1 knot (nautical unit of speed) = 1 nautical mile per hour
• one degree at the equator = 60 nautical miles = 69.047 statute miles
• 360 degrees = 21600 nautical miles = 24856.8 statute miles = circumference at equator

Power

horsepower, kilowatt, watt,btu/second, calorie/second, foot lbf/second, kilocalorie/second

• 1 W = 1 kg m²/s³ = 1 Nm/s = 1 J/s = 10,000,000 ergs per second
• 1 kW = 1,000 Watts = 3,412 Btu/h = 737.6/550 British hp = 1.341 British hp = 10³/9.80665 kg_f m/s = 737.6 ft lb_f/s = 10³/(9.80665 75) metric hp
• 1 hp (English horse power) = 745.7 W = 0.746 kW = 550 ft lb/s = 2,545 Btu/h = 33.000 ft lb/m = 1.0139 metric horse power ~= 1.0 KVA
• 1 horsepower (mech) = 2542.47 Btu (mean)/hr = 42.375 Btu (mean)/min = 0.7062 Btu (mean)/sec = 6.416x10⁵ calorie/hr (termo) = 6.412x10⁵ calorie (IST)/hr = 6.4069x10⁵ calorie(mean)/hr = 10694 calorie/min (thermo) = 10686 calorie (IST)/min = 10678 calorie (mean)/min = 10.686 calorie, kg/min (IST) = 7.457x10⁹ erg/sec = 1980000 foot pound-force/hr = 33000 foot pound-force/min = 550 foot pound-force/sec = 0.076 horsepower (boiler) = 0.9996 horsepower (electric) = 1.0139 horsepower (metric) = 745.7 joule/sec = 0.7457 kilowatt = 0.7456 kilowatt (Int) = 0.212 ton of refrigeration = 745.7 watt
• 1 horsepower (boiler) = 33445.6 Btu (mean)/hr = 140671.6 calorie/min (thermo) = 140469.4 calorie (mean)/min = 140742.3 calorie (20^oC)/min 9.8095x10¹⁰ erg/sec = 434107 foot-pound-force/min = 13.1548 horsepower (mech) = 13.1495 horsepower (electric) = 13.3372 horsepower (metric) = 13.1487 horsepower (water) = 9809.5 joule/sec = 9.8095 kilowatt
• 1 horsepower (electric) =  2547.16 Btu/hr (thermo) = 2545.46  Btu (IST)/hr = 2543.49 Btu (mean)/hr = 178.298 calorie/sec (thermo) = 641.87 calorie, kg/hr (thermo) = 7.46x10⁹ erg/sec = 33013 foot pound-force/min = 550.2 foot pound-force/sec = 1.0004 horsepower (mech) = 0.07605 horsepower (boiler) = 1.01428 horsepower (metric) = 0.99994 horsepower (water) = 746 joule/sec = 0.746 kilowatt = 746 watt
• 1 horsepower (metric) = 2511.3 Btu/hr (thermo) = 2509.6 Btu (IST)/hr = 2507.7 Btu (mean)/hr = 6.328x10⁵ calorie/hr (thermo) = 6.324x10⁵ calorie (IST)/hr = 6.319x10⁵ calorie (mean)/hr = 7.35x10⁹ ergs/sec = 32548.6 foot pound-force/min = 542.476 foot pound-force/sec = 0.9863 horsepower (mech) = 0.07498 horsepower (boiler) = 0.9859 horsepower (electric) = 0.98587 horsepower (water) = 75 kg-force meter/sec (kg m/s) = 0.7355 kilowatt =   735.499 W = 75 kg m/s
• 1 horsepower (water) = 33015 foot pound-force/min = 1.00046 horsepower (mech) = 0.07605 horsepower (boiler) = 1.00006 horsepower (electric) = 1.01434 horsepower (metric) = 0.746043 kilowatt
• 1 refrigeration Ton = 12,000 Btu/h cooling = 3.516 kW = 3,025.9 k Calories/h
• 1 cooling tower Ton = 15,000 Btu/h = 3,782 k Calories/h
• 1 ft lb/s = 1.3558 W
• 1 Btu/s = 1055.1 W
• 1 Btu/h = 1 Btuh = 0.293 W = 0.001 MBH
• 1 cheval vapeur (French) = 0.98632 horsepower

Power per unit area

• 1 W/m² = 0.3170 Btu/(h ft²) = 0.85984 kcal/(h m²)

Pressure

atmosphere, centimeters of mercury, foot of water, bar, barye, centimeter of water, dyne/centimeter², inch of mercury, inch of water, kgf/centimeter², kgf/meter², lbf/foot², lbf/inch² (psi), millibar, millimeter of mercury, pascal, torr, newton/meter²

• Standard Atmospheric Pressure 1 atm = 101.325 kN/m² = 1.01325 bar = 101.325 kPa = 14.7 psia = 0 psig = 29.92 in Hg = 760 torr = 33.95 Ft.H₂O = 407.2 In.W.G (Water Gauge) = 2116.8 Lbs./Sq.Ft.
• 1 N/m² = 1 Pa = 1.4504x10^-4 lb/in² = 1x10^-5 bar = 4.03x10^-3 in water = 0.336x10^-3 ft water = 0.1024 mm water = 0.295x10^-3 in mercury = 7.55x10^-3 mm mercury = 0.1024 kg/m² = 0.993x10^-5 atm
• 1 Pa = 10^-6 N/mm² = 10^-5 bar = 0.1020 kp/m² = 1.02x10^-4 m H₂O = 9.869x10^-6 atm = 1.45x10^-4 psi (lbf/in²)
• 1 N/mm² = 10⁶ Pa = 10 bar = 1.020x10⁵ kp/m² = 102.0 m H₂O = 9.869 atm = 145.0 psi (lbf/in²)
• 1 mmHg = 1 torr = 0.01934 lb/in²
• 1 atm = 101,325 Pa (N/m²) = 1.013x10² kN/m² = 1.033x10⁴ kp/m² = 1.033 kp/cm² = 1.013 bar = 14.696 psi (lb/in²) = 407.1 in H₂O at 62 ⁰F (16.7 ^oC) = 33.9 ft H₂O at 62 ⁰F (16.7 ^oC) = 10.33 m H₂O at 62 ⁰F (16.7 ^oC) = 29.92 in mercury at 62 ⁰F (16.7 ^oC) = 760 mm mercury at 62 ⁰F (16.7 ^oC) = 760 torr
• 1 bar = 1x10⁵ Pa (N/m²) = 0.1 N/mm² = 10,197 kp/m² = 10.20 m H₂O = 0.98692 atm = 14.5038 psi (lb_f/in²) = 1x10⁶ dyne/sq cm = 750 mmHg = 1x10⁶ barye (French) = 75.0062 cm Hg (0^oC) = 33.4883 ft H₂O (60^oF) = 1019.72 gram-force/sq cm = 29.530 in Hg (32^oF) = 1.01972 kg-force/sq cm = 1000 millibar = 2088.54 pound-force/sq foot
• 1 kp/m² = 9.81 Pa (N/m²) = 9.807x10^-6 N/mm² = 10^-3 m H₂O = 1 mm H₂O = 0.9681x10^-4 atm = 1.422x10^-3 psi (lb/in²) = 0.0394 in H₂O = 0.0736 mm mercury
• 1 psi (lb/in²) = 144 psf (lb_f/ft²) = 6,894.8 Pa (N/m²) = 6.895x10^-3 N/mm² = 6.895x10^-2 bar = 27.71 in H₂O at 62^oF (16.7^oC) = 703.1 mm H₂O at 62^oF (16.7^oC) = 2.0416 in mercury at 62^oF (16.7^oC) = 51.8 mm mercury at 62^oF (16.7^oC) = 703.6 kg/m² = 0.06895 atm = 2.307 Ft. H₂O = 16 ounces
• 1 psf (lb_f/ft²) = 47.88 N/m² (Pa) = 0.006944 lb_f/in² (psi)
• 1 dyn/cm² = 145.04x10^-7 lb_f/in²
• 1 in mercury (Hg) = 3,376.8 N/m²= 0.49 lb/in² = 12.8 in water
• 1 Ounce = 1.73 In.W.C.
• 1 Ft.H₂O = 0.4335 psi = 62.43 Lbs./Sq.Ft.
• 1 in water = 248.8 N/m²= 0.0361 lb/in² = 25.4 kg/m² = 0.0739 in mercury
• 1 m H₂O = 9806.7 Pa = 9.807x10^-3 N/mm² = 0.0987 bar = 1,000 kp/m² = 0.09678 atm = 1.422 psi (lb_f/in²)
• 1 mm water = 9.81 Pa (N/m²) = 1 kg/m² = 0.0736 mm mercury = 0.9677x10^-4 atm
• 1 mm mercury = 0.0193 lb/in² = 133 N/m² = 12.8 mm water
• 1 barye (French) = 1.0 dyne/sq cm = 0.10 newton/sq meter = 0.10 Pascal

Note! When using pressure units based on liquid columns (like mm Water, in Water, mm Hg ...) - be aware that densities of liquids varies with temperature. For more exact conversions consult temperature density sources for the actual liquids.   

Radioactivity

• 1 becquerel = amount of material which will produce 1 nuclear decay per second = 2.7027x10^-11 curie = 1 disintegration/sec
• 1 curie = amount of material that will produce 3.7 x 10¹⁰ nuclear decays per second = 3.7 x 10¹⁰ becquerels

Resistance, Electrical

• 1 abohm = 1x10^-15 megohm = 0.001 microohm = 1x10^-9 ohm

Rotation

revolutions,

• 1 r/min (rpm) = 0.01667 r/s = 0.105 rad/s
• 1 r/s = 60 r/min = 6.28 rad/s
• 1 rad/s = 9.55 r/min (rpm) = 0.159 r/s (rps)

Specific energy, enthalpy, entropy

• 1 Btu/lb_m = 2,326.1 J/kg = 0.55556 kcal/kg = 778.2 ft lb_f / lb_m = 3.9 10^-4 hp hr / lb_m = 5.4 lb_f/in² / lb_m/ft³ = 0.237 kp m / g = 5.56 10^-4 kcal/g = 2.326 kJ/kg
• 1 J/kg = 4.299x10^-4 Btu/lb_m = 2.388x10^-4 kcal/kg
• 1 kcal/kg = 1.80 Btu/lb_m = 4,187 J/kg

Specific Heat

• 1 J/(kg K) = 2.389x10^-4 kcal/(kg ^oC) = 2.389x10^-4 Btu/(lb_m ^oF)
• 1 kJ/(kg K) = 0.2389 kcal/(kg ^oC) = 0.2389 Btu/(lb_m ^oF)
• 1 Btu/(lb_m ^oF) = 4,186.8 J/ (kg K) = 1 kcal/(kg ^oC)
• 1 kcal/(kg ^oC) = 4,186.8 J/ (kg K) = 1 Btu/(lb_m ^oF)

Specific Energy

• 1 kJ/kg = 1 J/g = 0.4299 Btu/ lb_m = 0.23884 kcal/kg
• 1 Btu/lb_m = 2.326 kJ/kg = 0.55 kcal/kg
• 1 kcal/kg = 4.1868 kJ/kg = 1.8 Btu/lb_m

Specific Volume

• 1 m³/kg = 16.02 ft³/lb_m = 27680 in³/lb_m = 119.8 US gal/lb_m = 1000 liter/kg
• 1 liter/kg = 0.016 ft³/lb_m = 27.7 in³/lb_m = 0.12 US gal/lb_m = 0.001 m³/kg
• 1 ft³/lb_m = 1728 in³/lb_m = 7.48 US gal/lb_m = 62.43 liter/kg = 0.062 m³/kg
• 1 in³/lb_m = 0.00058 ft³/lb_m = 0.0043 US gal/lb_m = 0.036 liter/kg = 0.000036 m³/kg
• 1 US gal/lb_m = 0.134 ft³/lb_m = 231 in³/lb_m = 8.35 liter/kg = 0.0083 m³/kg

Stress

• 1 psi (lb/in²) = 144 psf (lb_f/ft²)= 6,894.8 Pa (N/m²) = 6.895x10^-3 N/mm²
• 1 N/m² = 1 Pa = 1.4504x10^-4 lb/in²

Surveyor's Measure

• 1 mile = 8 furlongs = 80 chains
• 1furlong = 10 chains = 220 yards
• 1 chain = 4 rods = 22 yards = 66 feet = 100 links
• 1 link = 7.92 inches

Temperature

celsius, rankine, kelvin, centigrade, fahrenheit,

• 1 ^oC (dt) = 1.8 ^oF (dt ) - temperature difference
• 1 ^oF (dt) = 0.555 ^oC (dt) - temperature difference
• 0 ^oC corresponds to 32 ^oF, 273.16 K and 491.69 R
• 1 ^oR = 5/9 K
• T(^oF) = [T(^oC)](9/5) + 32
• T(^oF) = [T(K) - 273.15](9/5) + 32
• T(^oC) = 5/9[T(^oF) - 32]

Thermal Conductivity

• 1 W/(m K) = 0.85984 kcal/(h m ^oC) = 0.5779 Btu/(ft h ^oF) = 0.048 Btu/(in h ^oF)
• 1 Btu/(ft h ^oF) = 1.731 W/(m K) = 1.488 kcal/(h m ^oC)
• 1 kcal/(h m ^oC) = 1.163 W/(m K) = 0.6720 Btu/(ft h ^oF)

Thermal Diffusivity

• 1 ft² /s = 0.0929 m²/s
• 1 ft² /h = 2.581x10^-5 m²/s

Thermal resistance

• 1 (h ^oF)/Btu = 1.8958 K/W

Time

year, month, day, hour, minute, second, millisecond

• 1 h = 3600 s = 60 min
• 1 ms (millisecond) = 10^-3 s
• 1 μs (microsecond) = 10^-6 s
• 1 ns (nanosecond) = 10^-9 s
• 1 day (mean solar) = 1.0027379 day (sidereal) = 24 hour (mean solar) = 24.06571 hour (sidereal) = 0.0027397 year (calendar) = 0.002738 year (sidereal) = 0.002738 year (tropical)
• 1 second = 9,192, 631,770 cycles of the standard Cs-133 transition (the definition of the second)

Torque, Moment

foot-pound torque, newton-meter

• 1 ft lb = 1.356 Nm

Velocity, Speed

foot/second, inch/second, meter/second, kilometer/hour, knot, mile/hour,nautical mile per hour

• 1 ft/s = 0.3048 m/s
• 1 ft/min = 5.08x10^-3 m/s = 0.0183 km/h = 0.0114 mph
• 1 mph = 0.44703 m/s = 1.609 km/h = 88 ft/min = 5280 ft/hr = 1.467 Ft./sec. = 0.8684 knots
• 1 m/s = 3.6 km/h = 196.85 ft/min = 2.237 mph
• 1 km/h = 0.2778 m/s = 54.68 ft/min = 0.6214 mph = 0.5396 knot
• 1 knot (nautical mile per hour) = 0.514444444 m/s = 1.852 kilometers per hour = 1.1515 miles per hour= 1 nautical miles per hour
• 1 League = 3.0 Miles
• 1 cm/sec = 1.9685 foot/min = 0.0328 foot/sec = 0.036 km/hr = 0.0194 knots (Int) = 0.6 meter/min = 0.02237 mile/hr = 0.000373 mile/min 

Viscosity Dynamic

• 1 lb/(ft s) = 1.4879 Pa s = 14.88 P = 1,488 cP = 0.1517 (kp s)/m²
• 1 cP (Centipoise) = 10^-3 Pa s = 0.01 Poise = 1.020x10^-4 kp s/m² = 6.721x10^-4 lb/(ft s) = 0.00100 (N s)/m² = 0.01 gram/(cm sec) = 2.4191 lb/(ft hr)
• 1 kg/(m s ) = 1 (N s)/m² = 0.6720 lb_m/(ft s) = 10 Poise
• 1 P (Poise) = 0.1 Pa s = 100 cP = 1.020x10^-2 kp s/m² = 6.721x10^-2 lb/(ft s) = 0.1 kg/ms
• 1 Pa s (N s/m²) = 10 P (Poise) = 10³ cP = 0.1020 kp s/m² = 0.6721 lb/(ft s)
• 1 kp s/m² = 9.80665 Pa s = 98.07 P = 9,807 cP = 6.591 lb/(ft s)
• 1 reyns = 1 1b_f s/in² = 6894.76 Pa s
• Dynamic, Absolute and Kinematic Viscosity - An introduction to dynamic, absolute and kinematic viscosity and how to convert between CentiStokes (cSt), CentiPoises (cP), Saybolt Universal Seconds (SSU) and degree Engler.

Viscosity Kinematic

• 1 ft²/s = 0.0929 m²/s
• 1 ft²/ h = 2.581x10^-5m²/s
• 1 St (Stokes) = 1x10^-4 m²/s = 100 cSt = 1.076x10^-3 ft²/s
• 1 m²/s = 10⁴ St = 10⁶ cSt = 10.764 ft²/s= 38750 ft²/h
• 1 cSt (Centistoke) = 10^-6 m²/s = 0.01 Stokes = 1.076x10^-5 ft²/s = 1 square mm/sec

Volume

barrel, gallon, cubic centimeter (cm³), cubic feet (foot³), cubic inch (inch³), cubic meter (meter³), cubic yard (yard³), quarts, liters, acre foot, board foot, bushel, cord, cup, dram, fluid ounce, peck, pint, quart, tablespoon, teaspoon,

• 1 ft³ = 0.02832 m³= 28.32 dm³ = 0.03704 yd³ = 6.229 Imp. gal (UK) = 7.481 gal (US) = 1,728 cu inch = 2.296x10^-5 acre foot = 12 board foot (timber) = 0.7786 bushel (UK) = 0.8036 bushel (US, dry) = 0.00781 cord (firewood) = 0.0625 cord foot (timber) = 28316.8 cu centimeter = 6.42851 gallon (US, dry) = 7.48052 gallon (US, liq) = 28.3168 liter = 996.614 ounce (UK, liq) = 957.506 ounce (US, liq) = 51.4281 pint (US, dry) = 59.84442 pint (US, liq) = 25.714 quart (US, dry) = 29.922 quart (US, liq)
• 1 in³ = 1.6387x10^-5 m³ = 1.639x10^-2 dm³ (liter) = 16.39 cm³ = 16390 mm³ = 0.000579 ft³
• 1 Gallon (U.S.) = 3.785x10^-3 m³ = 3.785 dm³ (liter) = 231 in³ = 0.13368 ft³ = 4.951x10^-3 yd³ = 0.8327 Imp. gal (UK) = 4 Quarts = 8 Pints
• 1 Imp. gallon (UK) = 4.546x10^-3 m³ = 4.546 dm³ = 0.1605 ft³ = 5.946x10^-3 yd³ = 1.201 gal (US)
• 1 dm³ (Liter) = 10^-3 m³ = 0.03532 ft³ = 1.308x10^-3 yd³ = 0.220 Imp gal (UK) = 0.2642 Gallons (US) = 1.057 Quarts = 2.113 Pints
• 1 yd³ = 0.7646 m³ = 764.6 dm³ = 27 ft³ = 168.2 Imp. gal (UK) = 202.0 gal (US) = 46,656 Cu.In. = 1616 Pints = 807.9 Quarts = 764.6 Liters
• 1 pint (pt) = 0.568 dm³ (liter) = 16 fl. oz. (fluid ounce) = 28.88 in³
• 1 km³ = 10⁹ m³ = 10¹² dm³ (liter) = 10¹⁵ cm³ = 10¹⁸ mm³
• 1 cm³ = 0.061 in³ = 0.00042 board foot = 2.7496x10^-5 bushel (UK) = 2.8378x10^-5 bushel (US, dry) = 3.5315x10^-5 cu foot = 0.06102 cu inch = 1x10^-6 cu meter = 1.308x10^-6 cu yard = 0.28156 drachm (UK, liq) = 0.27051 dram (US, liq) = 0.000227 gallon (UK) = 0.00027 gallon (US, dry) = 0.000264 gallon (US, liq) = 0.0074 gill (UK) = 0.00845 gill (US) = 0.001 liter = 0.035195 ounce (UK, liq) = 0.033814 ounce (US, liq) = 0.00182 pint (US, dry) = 0.00211 pint (US, liq) = 0.00088 quart (UK) = 0.00091 quart (US, dry) = 0.00106 quart (US, liq)
• 1 m³ = 10³ dm³ (liter) = 35.31 ft³ = 1.3093 yd³ = 220.0 Imp. gal (UK) = 264.2 gal (US) = 61,023 Cu.In. = 35.31 Cu.Ft = 0.1 decistere
• 1 Hogshead = 63 gallon = 8.42184 Cu.Ft
• 1 barrel (UK) = 1.5 bag (UK) = 1.41541 barrel (US, dry) = 1.37251 barrel (US, liq) = 4.5 bushel (UK) = 4.64426 bushel (US, dry) = 5.77957 cu ft = 0.16366 cu meter =  36 gallon (UK) = 163.6592 liter
• 1 barrel beer = 31.5 gallons beer
• 1 barrel whiskey = 45 gallons whiskey
• 1 barrel (US, oil) = 1.33 barrel (US, liq) = 5.61458 cu foot = 42 gallons (US, liq) = 158.9873 liter
• 1 barrel (US, dry) = 0.969696 barrel (US, liq) = 3.28122 bushel (US, dry) = 4.0833 cu ft = 7056 cu inch = 0.11563 cu meter = 104.999 quart (US, dry)
• 1 barrel (US, liq) = 1.03125 barrel (US, dry) = 0.75 barrel (US, oil) = 4.2109 cu foot = 7276.5 cu inch = 0.11924 cu meter = 26.22924 gallon (UK) = 31.5 gallon (US, liq) = 119.24 liter =
• 1 bushel = 1.2445 Cu.Ft. = 32 Quarts (Dry) = 64 Pints (dry) = 4 Pecks
• 1 bushel (UK) = 0.3333 bag (UK) = 1.03206 bushel (US) = 36368.7 cu cm = 1.28435 cu foot = 2219 cu inch = 8 gallon (UK) =  36.3687 liter
• 1 bushel (US, dry) = 0.30476 barrel (US, dry) = 0.96894 bushel (UK) = 35239.07 cu cm = 1.24446 cu foot = 2150.42 cu inch = 0.03524 cu meter 0.04609 cu yard = 8 gallon (US, dry) = 9.30918 gallon (US, liq) = 35.23907 liter = 1191.57 ounce (US, liq) = 4 peck (US) = 64 pint (US, dry) = 32 quart (US, dry) = 37.23671 quart (US, liq) 
• 1 quart (qt) = 2 pints = 57.75 in³ = 1/8 dry quarts
• 1 fluid ounce (fl. oz.) = 2 tablespoons = 1.805 in³ = 29.574 milliliters
• 1 cord (firewood) = 128 cu foot = 8 cord foot (timber) = 3.6246 cu meter
• 1 cord foot (timber) = 0.125 cord (firewood) = 16 cu foot
• 1 peck = 8 dry quarts
• 1 cup = 8 fl.oz. (fluid ounce)
• 1 cup (metric) = 200 milliliter
• 1 cup, tea = 0.25 pint = 142.06 milliliter
• 1 board foot = piece of lumber 1 foot wide x 1 foot long x 1 inch thick = 2359.74 cu cm = 0.083333 cu foot = 144 cu inch
• 1 acre foot = 43560 cu foot = 1233.482 cu meter = 1613.33 cu yard = 3.259x10⁵ gallon (US liquid)
• 1 acre inch = 3630 cu foot = 102.7901531 cu meter = 134.44 cu yard = 27154.286 gallon (US)
• 1 bucket (UK) = 18184.35 cu cm = 4 gallon (UK)
• 1 butt (UK. liq) = 16.2549 bushel (US) = 20.2285 cu foot = 0.57281 cu meter = 151.3197 gallon (US)
• 1 chaldron (UK, liq) = 36 bushel (UK)
• 1 dram (US, liq) = 3.6967 cu cm = 0.225586 cu inch = 1.04084 drachm (UK, liq) = 0.03125 gill (US) = 3.69669 millimeter = 60 minim (US) = 0.125 ounce (US, liq) = 0.0078125 pint (US, liq)
• 1 fifth (US, liq) = 17.067 jigger (US, liq) = 0.75708 liter = 25.6 ounce (US, liq) = 1.6 pint (US, liq) = 25.6 pony (US, liq) = 0.8 quartt (US, liq) = 25.6 shot (US, liq)
• 1 firkin (UK) = 1.125 bushel (UK) =  40914.8 cu cm = 1.44489 cu foot = 1.20095 firkin (US) = 9 gallon (UK) = 40.91481 liter = 72 pint (UK)
• 1 hectoliter = 2.7496 bushel (UK) = 2.8378 bushel (US, dry) = 1x10⁵ cu cm = 3.5315 cu foot = 26.417 gallon (US, liq) = 100 liter = 3381.4 ounce (US, liq) = 11.351 peck (US)

Volume Flow

• 1 dm³/s (kg/s water) = 13.20 Imp. gal (UK)/min
• 1 m³/s = 3,600 m3/h = 1,000 dm³(liter)/s = 35.32 ft³/s = 2,118.9 ft³/min = 13,200 Imp.gal (UK)/min = 15,852 gal (US)/min
• 1 m³/h = 2.7778x10^-4 m³/s = 0.2778 dm³(litre)/s = 9.810x10^-3 ft³/s = 0.5886 ft³/min (cfm) = 3.667 Imp.gal (UK)/min = 4.403 gal (US)/min
• 1 m³/h = 10³ dm³(litre)/h = 16.67 dm³(litre)/min = 0.27878 dm³(litre)/s
• 1 ft³/min = 1.7 m³/h = 0.47 l/s = 62.43 Lbs.H₂O/Min.
• 1 dm³(litre)/s = 10^-3 m³/s = 3.6 m³/h = 0.03532 ft³/s = 2.1189 ft³/min (cfm) = 13.200 Imp.gal (UK)/min = 15.852 gal (US)/min = 792 Imp. gal (UK)/h
• 1 dm³(litre)/s = 60 litre/min = 3,600 litre/h
• 1 ft³/s = 0.0283168 m³/s = 101.9 m3/h = 28.32 dm³(litre)/s = 60 ft³/min = 373.7 Imp.gal (UK)/min = 448.9 gal (US)/min
• 1 Imp.gal (UK)/min = 7.57682x10^-5 m³/s = 0.273 m3/h = 0.0758 dm³(litre)/s = 2.675x10^-3 ft³/s = 0.1605 ft³/min = 1.201 gal (US)/min
• 1 gal (US)/min =6.30888x10^-5 m³/s = 0.227 m³/h = 0.06309 dm³(litre)/s = 2.228x10^-3 ft³/s = 0.1337 ft³/min = 0.8327 Imperial gal (UK)/min

Weight see Mass

• See Density, Specific Weight and Specific Gravity - An introduction and definition of density, specific weight and specific gravity. Formulas with examples.

Latihan Aeromodelling Persiapan Pylon Racing seri 1 2014

Atlit Delta Aeromodelling Club Sidoarjo Menjelang Lomba PyLon Seri 1 Jawa Timur 2014

Sabtu, 16 Maret 2014; 9:29:41 am

Menjelang pelaksanaan lomba adu cepat pesawat pylon Seri 1 di Malang Jawa Timur 31 Mei - 1 juni 2014, para atlit komunitas Delta Aeromodelling Club Sidoarjo semakin mengintensifkan latihannya. Atlit-atlit DAC Sidoarjo yang akan turun di Lomba adu cepat pesawat pylon terdiri 7 orang antara lain: Petrus Malau, Joko Item, Suprayitno, Antok Rose (Bahagianto), Wihardadi, Herman Cheroke, Nurriza Musthafa.

Aeromodellingku 15 Maret 2014